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1...We need to review ideas for building on current progress.
CONTACTS
SUBJECTS
Marketing Developer Aaron Moses Model Unnecessary Overkill Learn Wri
Use Case Organize Writing Notes SDS Application Advance Literacy Imp
Writing Skill Inventor Learn Improve Communication Convince Customer
Edison Example Inventor Salesman Marketing Skills to Self-promote In
Ambitious SDS Com Metrics Intelligence Developing Management Science
1907 -
1907 - ..
1908 - Summary/Objective
1909 -
190901 - Follow up ref SDS 74 0000. ref SDS 73 0000.
190902 -
190903 - The marketing role ("Aaron") promoting SDS by developing a circle of
190904 - advocates based on foundational documents can leverage skills of
190905 - persuasion for attracting customers. ref SDS 0 IR6V Edison combined
190906 - technical development and marketing skills. ref SDS 0 IR7X Edison
190907 - developed research practices using the scientific method by preparing
190908 - contemporaneous notes on work in progress, which supports the plan,
190909 - perfor, report design to augment intelligence ref SDS 0 DK4N Edison
190910 - successfully marketed information technologies (IT) that people grasp
190911 - through sensory perception. Edison was not successful marketing
190912 - products that could be grasped through sensory perception only after
190913 - gaining experience to understand added value, and so he died broke, 30
190914 - years before his invention rose to dominate world markets. Edison's
190915 - story indicates that however persuasive someone might be, many
190916 - conditions must come into alignment for success. ref SDS 0 334L Gary
190917 - feels the "Aaron" role for credible persuasion should be done by
190918 - others. ref SDS 0 IR6V We need to review planning on moving forward.
190919 -
190920 - [On 041228 Gary cites Graphing Calculator showing the
190921 - developer was successful attracting support at Apple
190922 - Computer for a product that renders equations into a
190923 - picture to aid learning mathematics, in the tradition of
190924 - Edison for self-promotion. ref SDS 76 E76I
190926 - ..
190927 - [On 070125 Gary making progress distributing SDS work
190928 - product, and exposure to new way of working yields
190929 - interest; Gary explains SDS to people who ask. ref SDS 84
190930 - DU5K
190931 -
190932 -
190933 -
190934 -
190935 -
190937 - ..
1910 -
1911 -
1912 - 0655
1913 -
191301 - Edison Greatest Inventor Promoter Teamwork Arrogant Uneducated
191302 - Contemporaneous Notes Builds Connections that Grow New Knowledge
191303 - Creativity to Grow Knowledge a Lot of Hard Work Making Connections
191304 -
191305 - Received ref DRT 1 0001 from Gary following up on his letter yesterday
191306 - on 041212 recommending Rod improve skills to write persuasively and
191307 - explaining Gary should not take responsibility for promotion to
191308 - advance future of SDS. ref SDS 74 F45F
191309 -
191310 - 1. Yesterday you asked for examples of inventors who were also
191311 - successful at promotion. ref DRT 1 0001
191313 - ..
191314 - 2. = Edison
191316 - ..
191317 - Consider Thomas Edison.
191319 - ..
191320 - From what little I know of him, he was both a very prolific
191321 - inventor nd a successful businessmans, selling his inventions.
191322 - ref DRT 1 TX5L
191323 -
191324 - [...see below Edison died broke from purusing his invention
191325 - of portland cement. ref SDS 0 334L
191327 - ..
191328 - 3. It might take some research to establish whether he had a good
191329 - PR man as a partner, but I don't think so.
191330 -
191331 - [On 041228 Gary cites Graphing Calculator showing the
191332 - developer was successful attracting support at Apple
191333 - Computer for a product that renders equations into a
191334 - picture to aid learning mathematics, in the tradition of
191335 - Edison for self-promotion. ref SDS 76 E76I
191337 - ..
191338 - Edison is a good example of both technical and market innovation. He
191339 - is often credited for being the greatest inventor, and for recognizing
191340 - that inventing useful products takes skill, and insight, with a lot of
191341 - hard work, i.e.,
191342 -
191343 - Creativity is 1% inspiration 99% perspiration!
191344 -
191345 - ...reviewed on 950710, ref SDS 7 0582, and more recently on 000307
191346 - where research found that discovering connections to grow knowledge
191347 - takes a lot of hard work using information technology. ref SDS 26 5182
191349 - ..
191350 - Like Gutenberg, credited with the greatest invention during the past
191351 - millennium for creating the printing press, Edison was not a trained
191352 - scientist, nor an engineer, reported on 991010. ref SDS 20 FN9G
191353 - Edison was largely self-taught, with very little formal education. He
191354 - did not attend high school, and had no professional degree, yet he
191355 - largely invented the field of professional research, including the
191356 - practice of taking contemporaneous notes. ref SDS 0 DK4N
191358 - ..
191359 - An article in the April 2001 issue of...
191360 -
191361 - Geophysical Society of Tulsa (GST)
191362 - The Society of Exploration Geophysicists
191363 -
191364 - ...with the title...
191365 -
191366 - The Birth of The Seismic Reflection Method in Oklahoma
191368 - ..
191369 - http://gst.seg.org/TL/2001/04/TidBits.shtml
191370 -
191371 - ...and chronicling work by an Edison protege credits Edison with
191372 - imparting wisdom......
191373 -
191374 - Karcher got to work with the great inventor Thomas Edison at
191375 - the Edison lab in some of his early graduate work and he
191376 - remembered two important points that Edison told him. First,
191377 - perseverance and persistence are important to make an idea
191378 - work. Next, make a note of any unusual observations that might
191379 - lead to new ideas. Karcher learned these lessons well because
191380 - he applied both concepts in developing the seismic reflection
191381 - method.
191382 -
191383 -
191385 - ..
191386 - Ford Encouraged by Edison to Use Gasoline Engine for Car
191387 -
191388 - Henry Ford was another who got his start working for Edison, and in
191389 - later years became a friend and benefactor to Edison. Ford was
191390 - encouraged in 1896 by Edison to pursue his vison for a car powered by
191391 - a gasoline engine...
191393 - ..
191394 - http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=105&category=people
191395 -
191396 -
191398 - ..
191399 - Another source chronicles the Edison Ford connection...
191400 -
191401 - http://www.wiley.com/legacy/products/subject/business/forbes/ford.html
191402 -
191403 - 1. For was born on a farm, and wanted to reduce the effort
191404 - required for farming. ref OF 58 466N,
191406 - ..
191407 - 2. Left the farm at age 16, and went to Detroit where he was hired
191408 - to work for Edison power company as an apprentice. Ford rose
191409 - the assignment of Chief Engineer at age 28. ref OF 58 8F7O
191411 - ..
191412 - 3. Ford designed and built a car with a gasoline engine working in
191413 - spare time using the Edison machine shop, and his garage at
191414 - home, emulating Hewlett Packard in the 1930s. ref OF 58 WH9K
191416 - ..
191417 - 4. Was introduced to Edison at an Edison Company social event, who
191418 - asked about his design, and Edison encouraged Ford to use a
191419 - gasoline engine for a car. ref OF 58 ZA5H
191421 - ..
191422 - Factory efficiency assembly lines and parts coordination.
191424 - ..
191425 - High wages enable factory employees to buy cars.
191427 - ..
191428 - Low cost commoditize cars making them a necessity for
191429 - everyone.
191431 - ..
191432 - Quality control continual improvement.
191433 -
191434 -
191435 -
191436 -
191437 -
191438 -
191439 -
191440 -
191441 -
1915 -
SUBJECTS
Contemporaneous Notes Professional Research Edison Practice Launched
3403 -
340401 - ..
340402 - Contemporaneous Notes Professional Research Edison Practice
340403 - Documentation Professional Research Powerful Technology for Discovery
340404 - Creativity Discovery Thinking Through Writing Contemporaneous Notes
340405 -
340406 - Edison is credited for started the practice of taking contemporaneous
340407 - notes that spawn creativity from new ideas that both refine and
340408 - strengthen current work, and lead to entirely unrelated breakthroughs
340409 - from the constant process of making connections.
340411 - ..
340412 - Implements scientific method plan, perform, report (contemporaneous
340413 - notes) credited to Francis Bacon, reported on 021118. ref SDS 50 OX42
340415 - ..
340416 - Rutgers University Internet paper on...
340417 -
340418 - Thomas Edison and His Papers
340419 -
340420 - ...says in part...
340422 - ..
340423 - Edison and his associates used ledger volumes, pocket
340424 - notebooks, and unbound scraps of paper on an irregular basis
340425 - throughout the inventor's career. In 1877, however, Edison
340426 - instituted a more regular practice for note keeping that, with
340427 - some refinements, continued throughout his life. At first
340428 - Edison used 9" x 11" softcover tablets, whose sheets tore away
340429 - from the top edge. Only a few of these notebooks were retained
340430 - in their original condition. The majority were taken apart
340431 - and, together with material on other loose pieces of paper,
340432 - were organized according to the specific invention to which
340433 - they related. By the fall of 1878, the number of notes and
340434 - drawings from Edison's work on the electric light had grown so
340435 - large that he adopted a standard-size hardbound notebook that
340436 - would remain intact as a permanent record. Like the tablets,
340437 - the notebooks were placed around the laboratory and often
340438 - recorded the work of more than one experimenter. The first of
340439 - these notebooks dates from November 1878. Edison and his
340440 - associates continued to use such notebooks for recording
340441 - experimental work at Menlo Park and at Edison's later
340442 - laboratories. The archive at the Edison National Historic Site
340443 - (ENHS) has over 3,000 such notebooks, each measuring 6" x 9"
340444 - and containing approximately 280 pages. ref OF 24 IPTV
340446 - ..
340447 - Edison's practice of writing things down, and using that writing to
340448 - plan, and perform future work, supports the POIMS design for SDS,
340449 - ref OF 6 6649, and fits Covey's proposal to seek understanding,
340450 - ref SDS 4 2231, using the habit of religiously writing a diary,
340451 - reviewed on 921205. ref SDS 4 1121
340453 - ..
340454 - Kaiser's Healthwise Handbook requires documentation to authenticate
340455 - accuracy of communications for effective medical practice based on a
340456 - doctor patient partnership using a Team Care model, reviewed on
340457 - 990625. ref SDS 18 TD5S
340459 - ..
340460 - Edison's practice aligns with FAR requirements for documentation,
340461 - reviewed on 020504. ref SDS 42 XV7L However, review at that time
340462 - indicates nobody performs documentation requirements. ref SDS 42 NS6F
340463 -
340464 - [On 051130 Leonardo da Vinci credited for keeping a journal of
340465 - contemporaneous notes on work that drive creativity, research, and
340466 - development, cited in an article published by AIA Architect on
340467 - documentation. ref SDS 82 KW6M
340469 - ..
340470 - [On 051130 AIA Architect article recommends documentation of
340471 - communication in meetings, calls, email and performing daily work
340472 - is critical to effective management. ref SDS 82 G46F
340474 - ..
340475 - Similarly, documentation is required by independent management
340476 - standards in ISO and PMBOK, reviewed on 950721. ref SDS 8 1740 On
340477 - 951026 organizations unable to implement traceability to original
340478 - sources, indicating need for "faster, better, cheaper" way to rely on
340479 - the record, ref SDS 9 3245, rather than guess and gossip. On 990625
340480 - doctors do not have time to perform requirements for capturing the
340481 - record. ref SDS 18 1978
340483 - ..
340484 - Edison's attitude of willing to fail 1000 times in order to discover
340485 - useful technology aligns with experience turning SDS ideas into
340486 - practical tools for customers, noted by Jack Park on 001130.
340487 - ref SDS 33 H17O
340488 -
340489 - [On 050118 Henry van Eykan notices significant distance between
340490 - conventional meeting minutes, and a new way of working with SDS
340491 - that enables intelligence support. ref SDS 77 MF7Y
340492 -
340493 -
340494 -
340495 -
340496 -
3405 -
SUBJECTS
Edison Disliked Arrogant Inventor Self-promoter Self-agrandizer Fail
Arrogant SDS Unique Design KM Com Metrics Not Needed to Solve Meanin
Electrical Utilities Industry Adopted AC Edison Lost Business By Sel
Edison Self-educated Little Formal Education Disliked Arrogant Inven
4606 -
460701 - ..
460702 - Edison Light Bulb Led to Inventing Electrical Utilities Industry
460703 - Electrical Utilities Adopted AC Edison Lost Business By Selling DC
460704 - Greatest Inventor Died Broke Like Gutenberg Who Had Greatest Invention
460705 - Edison Disliked Failed in Business Selling Good Ideas Unsuccessfully
460706 -
460707 - Edison had his moments...
460709 - ..
460710 - He lost the titanic battle for the mass electrical utilities market
460711 - because he persisted in selling a direct current (DC) system, when it
460712 - turned out that alternating current (AC) has significant advantages,
460713 - which have since dominated industry for the past 125 years.
460715 - ..
460716 - See....
460717 -
460718 - The "Electric" War Between Edison and Tesla
460719 -
460720 - ...about half-way through....
460721 -
460722 - http:/ www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/ms_tuncom/public/29/mtc-00028697.htm
460724 - ..
460725 - See also from the Edison Electric Institute...
460726 -
460727 - History of the Electric Power Industry
460728 -
460729 - Invention of the Light Bulb
460731 - ..
460732 - On October 21, 1879, Edison created his now famous incandescent
460733 - light bulb, which burned for 40 hours. During 1880, Edison
460734 - continued work to refine his light bulb. He also began exploring
460735 - ideas for an equally important invention: a way to generate and
460736 - transmit the electricity his light bulb would need. A practical
460737 - and reliable electricity supply was essential if the light bulb was
460738 - ever to become a practical appliance for homes and businesses.
460739 - ref OF 19 9134
460741 - ..
460742 - Edison's Pearl Street Station
460744 - ..
460745 - By the end of 1880, Edison had formed the Edison Electric
460746 - Illuminating Company to build central station electric generating
460747 - plants in New York City. The first central power plant-Pearl
460748 - Street Station in lower Manhattan-began generating electricity on
460749 - September 4, 1882. Pearl Street had one generator and it produced
460750 - power for 800 electric light bulbs. Within 14 months, Pearl Street
460751 - Station had 508 subscribers and 12,732 bulbs. ref OF 19 9T8L
460753 - ..
460754 - With the success of Pearl Street Station, Edison created the Edison
460755 - Company for Isolated Lighting. This company was formed in May 1883
460756 - to build and sell electric power stations, like Pearl Street
460757 - Station, to towns and cities throughout the United States.
460758 - ref OF 19 JT9L
460760 - ..
460761 - Edison's method for generating and transmitting electricity was
460762 - called direct current, or low voltage. George Westinghouse, a
460763 - consolidator of his time, built Westinghouse Electric by purchasing
460764 - other inventor's patents, including the polyphase alternating
460765 - current (AC) system invented by Nikola Tesla. ref OF 19 PPUT
460767 - ..
460768 - Alternating current system uses transformers to increase voltage
460769 - leaving the power plant, enabling electricity to travel over
460770 - long-distance wires. When electricity reaches its destination,
460771 - another transformer steps down the voltage so that power can be
460772 - used in homes and factories. ref OF 19 O05F
460774 - ..
460775 - Edison's direct current system was unable to use transformers.
460776 - With Edison's system, the voltage dropped as it traveled further
460777 - and further from the generator. To overcome this disadvantage,
460778 - power plants would have to be built close to the power users-a
460779 - costly solution. ref OF 19 J05M
460781 - ..
460782 - Soon, the Westinghouse alternating current system-rather than
460783 - Edison's more expensive, higher-maintenance, and less efficient
460784 - direct current system-began to get most of the orders. Another
460785 - advantage with the alternating system soon became apparent: By
460786 - allowing central stations to serve wider markets, the AC system
460787 - also encouraged utilities to build larger stations, which then
460788 - benefited from economies of scale and lowered their operating
460789 - costs. ref OF 19 U06I
460791 - ..
460792 - In 1893, the Westinghouse AC system was chosen to move electric
460793 - power from Niagara Falls to Buffalo. Shortly after that, the
460794 - Westinghouse AC "universal" system became the new standard for
460795 - transmitting electricity. Now, one generating station could
460796 - transmit power relatively cheaply over a wide service area.
460797 - ref OF 19 523G
460798 -
460799 -
460800 -
460801 -
4609 -
SUBJECTS
Tesla Nikola Invented Alternating Current Operating System 20th Cent
5103 -
510401 - ..
510402 - Tesla Invented Alternating Current Operating System 20th Century
510403 -
510404 - Nikolas Tesla is an unsung hero and inventor of electronics and
510405 - communications, who worked briefly for Edison, and then went on to
510406 - invent alternating current for electrical utilities, transmission,
510407 - motors and lights. He was a prolific inventor with over 700 patents,
510408 - including inventions for...
510409 -
510410 - http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/tesla.htm
510412 - ..
510413 - • Loudspeaker....................... 1880, ref OF 30 CS62
510414 - • Alternating current............... 1882, ref OF 30 J36H
510415 - • Fluorescent lights
510416 - • Radar
510417 - • Rotary engine
510418 - • Wireless communication
510419 - • Microwaves
510420 - • The basis for diathermy (deep heating tissues through the use
510421 - of high-frequency electrical current), and
510422 - • Vacuum tubes for controlling electrical circuits
510423 - • 'Automatic mechanism controlled through a simple tuned
510424 - circuit' - remote radio control.
510426 - ..
510427 - Financial restrictions meant that many of Tesla's greatest ideas were
510428 - limited to copious quantities of written notes - notes which even
510429 - today are studied by engineers for unused ideas. But for a man of his
510430 - time, with his limited resources, the list of Tesla's achievements
510431 - are more than astonishing, they are truly awe-inspiring.
510433 - ..
510434 - Patents of Nikola Tesla online book, extensive biography. ref OF 52
510435 - PSPS Detailed explanation of Tesla's patents. ref OF 26 0001
510437 - ..
510438 - Tesla's life chronology is presented. ref OF 25 SW3K A more detailed
510439 - history is also available. ref OF 17 0001
510441 - ..
510442 - Frank Germano has an excellent site on Tesla...
510443 -
510444 - http://www.frank.germano.com/index.htm
510445 -
510446 - ...which also presents ideas for natural and alternative energy
510447 - methods.
510449 - ..
510450 - Biography of Tesla in 18 chapters....
510451 -
510452 - Prodigal Genius, The Life of Nikola Tesla
510453 -
510454 - http://www.rastko.org.yu/istorija/tesla/oniell-tesla.html
510455 -
510456 - ...written by John O'Neil, originally published by Ives Washburn, New
510457 - York, 1944; Published in Great Britain by Neville Spearman Ltd., 1968;
510458 - Reprinted in the United States by Angriff Press, Los Angeles, 1973
510459 - "Project Rastko - E-library of Serb Culture" version: October 21,
510460 - 2000 ISBN 0-914732-33-1 ref OF 28 0001 John O'Neil was in the
510461 - newspaper and publishing business, and was one of Tesla's few
510462 - remaining friends. O'Neil provides extensive bibliography and
510463 - acknowledgements. ref OF 48 03ZE
510465 - ..
510466 - O'Neil describes Tesla's work created a "new world" order
510467 - ref OF 28 868H, of olympian proportions. ref OF 28 004H The
510468 - author relates Tesla's accomplishments to many of the powerful
510469 - Greek gods, including Prometheus, ref OF 28 00EQ, reviewed
510470 - previously on 991108. ref SDS 21 5810
510472 - ..
510473 - Tesla's invention of alternating current provided the
510474 - foundation for the world-wide industrial system of the 20th
510475 - century. ref OF 28 018R
510477 - ..
510478 - Tesla's US patent 613809 issued July 1, 1898 for wireless
510479 - communication described a logic gate. ref OF 26 R46R
510481 - ..
510482 - Logic gate technology was developed by Tesla, ref OF 49 X65I, also,
510483 - called "flip flop," and designed into vacuum tubes to control
510484 - electrical currents that turn switches on and off, reported previously
510485 - on 960304. ref SDS 10 2M4M Logic gate (flip flop) is explained in a
510486 - letter on the Internet dated 040909, citing developments by Eccles and
510487 - Jordon in 1919. ref OF 18 OP7H
510489 - ..
510490 - Eccles and Jordan developed "bi-stable latch circuit" in 1919,
510491 - and was called the "flip-flop" at the beginning of the computer
510492 - age, in the 1940's. The flip-flop circuit has an output that
510493 - maintains its setting indefinitely - until instructed to change
510494 - it. Pulse it, and it "flips" - pulse it again and it "flops".
510495 - ref OF 18 OP7H
510497 - ..
510498 - Before bi-stable latch circuit logic gates, electronic circuits
510499 - could only deal with things at the instant a decision was made.
510500 - Punched-card sorting machines could make decisions about only
510501 - one card at a time, with each card having no effect on
510502 - subsequent ones. Electronic control was a simplistic, dogmatic
510503 - and brute-force matter, with no subtleties and no sense of
510504 - history. ref OF 18 V08F
510506 - ..
510507 - One flip-flop can remember two possible conditions, or
510508 - "states". Add another flip-flop and the number of possible
510509 - states doubles. String sixteen of them nose-to-tail and you
510510 - create a counter that can assume - wait for it - 65,536 states.
510511 - Smear enough microscopic flip-flops onto a bit of silicon and
510512 - you've created a memory chip. Coffee makers, ignition systems,
510513 - music synthesizers and the mysteries of the Web emerge as a
510514 - result. Facts, patterns, shades of meaning can now be held for
510515 - reference and communicated. ref OF 18 R19H
510517 - ..
510518 - Short autobiography on Nikola Tesla. ref OF 53 0001 Original
510519 - publisher not known, and possibly unfinished typed manuscript,
510520 - provided for distribution by John RH Penner. ref OF 53 T176
510521 -
510522 - 1856 Tesla born in Croatia, near the Adriatic sea, ref OF 28
510523 - 03O2, his father was a priest in the Servian Orthodox Church,
510524 - ref OF 28 888J, his mother was self-educated, and possessed an
510525 - inventive intelligence, which Tesla credits for his inspiration
510526 - and skill. ref OF 53 02HP and ref OF 28 02L2
510528 - ..
510529 - Tesla died on 430107. ref OF 53 0001
510531 - ..
510532 - 1856 Lord Kelvin published paper on rotary effects of
510533 - magneticism and electricity. ref OF 27 4T8M Tesla cites Lord
510534 - Kelvin's 1856 publications that influenced his work on
510535 - alternating current. ref OF 55 03FQ
510537 - ..
510538 - 1875 began studying electrical engineering at the University in
510539 - Gratz, Austria at age 19. ref OF 30 02GV Tesla worked hard to
510540 - excell. The dean of the professional faculty wrote warning his
510541 - parents that Tesla worked too hard, risking danger to his
510542 - health. ref OF 30 02A1
510543 -
510544 - [On 060109 Amy writes to her grandmother and reports
510545 - working hard. ref SDS 83 H17N
510547 - ..
510548 - 1876 during Telsa's second year at the university in Gratz, he
510549 - saw a demonstration of a direct current dynamo to produce
510550 - electricity, and he proposed then using alternating current.
510551 - ref OF 30 F46L Tesla's professor devoted an entire lecture to
510552 - discredit Tesla's early proposals by describing alternating
510553 - current was the equivalent of a perpectual motion scheme, which
510554 - is impossible. ref OF 30 02OZ
510556 - ..
510557 - 1878 worked for a year as an engineer. ref OF 30 03U6, and
510558 - earned money to attent the university in Prague in 1879.
510559 - ref OF 30 TK6F His father died the following year in 1880,
510560 - forcing Telsa to give up his studies and begin his career; he
510561 - traveled to Budapest, Hungary expecting to get hired as an
510562 - engineer for a project to develop telephone communications.
510563 - ref OF 30 04N6
510565 - ..
510566 - 1880 Tesla employed by the Central Telegraph office of Hungary
510567 - as a draftsman. ref OF 30 CS4M He rose quickly and age 25 was
510568 - in charge of projects adding telephone service. ref OF 30 04S8
510570 - ..
510571 - 1882 February Tesla thought of a design for AC motors, and was
510572 - anxious to write it down before losing the idea. ref OF 20 A68N
510573 - and also in O'Neil's biography. ref OF 31 005N O'Neil's
510574 - biography relates Tesla's breakthrough design for alternating
510575 - current, ref OF 30 J36H, by using rotating magnetic fields.
510576 - ref OF 31 4O77
510578 - ..
510579 - 1883 Tesla worked for Edison's company in Paris, ref OF 31
510580 - QU99, then migrated to America and worked for Edison; a disupte
510581 - over payment for solving difficult problems led Tesla to quit.
510582 - He was without work, and reduced to digging ditches; then got a
510583 - job with Westinghouse. ref OF 21 UP6H
510585 - ..
510586 - Not the slightest interest by experts, professional electrical
510587 - engineers in Tesla's discovery of alternating current. He
510588 - could not give away his idea for empowering the 20th century.
510589 - ref OF 31 334O Tesla's secret of alternating current was
510590 - hidden in plain sight, reviewed earlier on 040214. ref SDS 56
510591 - 3Z9H
510592 -
510593 - [On 050903 research on patents found Howard Aiken quoted
510594 - and other examples of the challenge of selling new ideas,
510595 - and others are listed as well. ref SDS 80 ED74
510597 - ..
510598 - [On 051113 added to NWO. ref SDS 81 ZU8G
510600 - ..
510601 - 1884 Tesla emigrated to the US, and went to work for Edison.
510603 - ..
510604 - Edison denied alternating current was a viable solution.
510605 - ref OF 20 0P55
510607 - ..
510608 - 1888 Tesla received patent for polyphase induction motor,
510609 - essential to make AC power practical. ref OF 16 YE7L
510611 - ..
510612 - 1885, Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh, bought the
510613 - patent rights to Tesla's polyphase alternating-current dynamos,
510614 - transformers, and motors. A titanic power struggle between
510615 - Edison's direct-current systems and the Tesla-Westinghouse
510616 - alternating-current design eventually, Westinghouse, and Tesla,
510617 - won out. Westinghouse used Tesla's system to light the World
510618 - Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. His success was a
510619 - factor in winning him the contract to install the first power
510620 - machinery at Niagara Falls, which bore Tesla's name and patent
510621 - numbers. The project carried power to Buffalo by 1896.
510622 - ref OF 16 4L8G
510624 - ..
510625 - 1886 Westinghouse purchased the Tesla's AC motor and dynamo
510626 - patents and hired him to improve and modify the dynamo for use
510627 - in the power system. Westinghouse also completely funded
510628 - Tesla's research and offered him a generous royalty agreement
510629 - on future profits. ref OF 14 N09L
510631 - ..
510632 - Westinghouse, inventor of railroad air brakes, paid Tesla $1M
510633 - plus $1 per horsepower royalty for Tesla patents. ref OF 21
510634 - 047I
510636 - ..
510637 - Tesla went to work for Westinghouse in Pittsburg, hired during
510638 - 1886 at age 30. ref OF 15 K56H
510640 - ..
510641 - Westinghouse then purchased the patent rights for Tesla's
510642 - polyphase system for $1,000,000 (other sources say $216,000).
510643 - He agreed to completely fund Tesla's research and offered a
510644 - generous royalty agreement on future profits. This certainly
510645 - was a big jump from digging ditches for a living. ref OF 15
510646 - SQ6N
510648 - ..
510649 - Westinghouse came to Tesla's lab and made an offer, purchasing
510650 - the patents for $60,000, which included $5,000 in cash and 150
510651 - shares of stock in the Westinghouse Corporation. He also
510652 - agreed to pay royalties of $2.50 per horsepower of electrical
510653 - capacity sold. With more inventions in mind, Tesla quickly
510654 - spent half of his new found wealth on a new laboratory.
510655 - ref OF 22 UE5K
510657 - ..
510658 - 1891 Tesla invented the Tesla coil introducing vacuum tube
510659 - technology widely used today in radio and television sets and
510660 - other electronic equipment for wireless communication, reviewed
510661 - on 960304. ref SDS 10 K64J Tesla obtained a patent US 514170,
510662 - ref OF 26 R35V That year also marked the date of Tesla's
510663 - United States citizenship. ref OF 16 1C5O
510664 -
510665 - Patent for Tesla coil US 577670, ref OF 26 R44X; and for
510666 - electrical condensers US patent 577671, both issued Feb 23,
510667 - 1897. ref OF 26 R45V Electromagnetic waves control
510668 - equipment without connection of wires or cables i.e., using
510669 - wireless transmission of electrical current, and by
510670 - rendering logic gate circuits open or closed from a
510671 - distance, e.g., remote control of a boat, US patent 613809
510672 - awarded to Tesla on July 1, 1898. ref OF 26 R46R Tesla's
510673 - radio patent was received on Mar 20, 1900 US 645576 for a
510674 - system of wireless telegraphy transmitting electric power
510675 - through the natural media. ref OF 26 R53U System of
510676 - signalling impulses; transmission of intelligent messages
510677 - with elevated transmitter capacitance, coil. Partial basis
510678 - of radio, US Patent 725605, July 16, 1900. ref OF 26 R63Y
510679 - Apparatus for generating and receiving electrical signals;
510680 - Tuned resonant circuits; Physics of propagation; Non-
510681 - hertzian notes; Globe as conductor; Low frequency
510682 - oscillations; Basis of radio. US Patent 787412 issued May
510683 - 16, 1900. ref OF 26 R64V
510685 - ..
510686 - 1891 Tesla invented the induction motor utilizing his rotating
510687 - magnetic field principle and other electrical motors, new forms
510688 - of generators and tranformers, and a system of
510689 - alternating-current power transmission. Tesla also invented
510690 - fluorescent lights and a new type of steam turbine, and he
510691 - became increasingly intrigued with the wireless transmission of
510692 - power. ref OF 16 WE6J
510694 - ..
510695 - 1893 Chicgo Worlds Fair (also Columbian Exposition),
510696 - Westinghouse under bid General Electric's quotation of
510697 - $1,000,000 by 50%, and demonstrated cost benefits and
510698 - performance advantages of alternating current. ref OF 23 0001
510699 -
510700 - Website by Bogdan R. Kosanovic, PhD...
510701 -
510702 - http://www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdan/
510703 -
510704 - ...sponsored by University of Pittsberg, Department of
510705 - Neurological Surgery...
510706 -
510707 - http://www.neuronet.pitt.edu/
510708 -
510709 - ...now located at...
510710 -
510711 - http://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/
510713 - ..
510714 - 1893 Niagara Falls Westinghouse awarded contract to create the
510715 - powerhouse, after a failed competition. ref OF 22 S395
510717 - ..
510718 - Niagara Falls power project reached beyond the limits of proven
510719 - technology. ref OF 22 S75J This made investors nervous.
510720 - ref OF 22 6N4J
510722 - ..
510723 - The head of the commission rejected all the bids, including the
510724 - GE bid for a DC system, endorsed by Edison, and awarded the
510725 - work to Westinghouse to use alternating current, after having
510726 - visited the Chicago Worlds Fair and examining Tesla's
510727 - alternating current systems provided by Westinghouse.
510728 - ref OF 22 7L3L
510730 - ..
510731 - Niagara Falls construction, including financial arrangements,
510732 - is reported in an excellent article by Jack Foran, with a long
510733 - biblography. ref OF 50 0001 This is published by the Libraries
510734 - University at Buffalo. More detailed history on construction
510735 - of Niagara Falls is at...
510736 -
510737 - http://www.niagarafrontier.com/power.html#Adams
510739 - ..
510740 - 1896 Niagara Falls power plant transported electricity 25 miles
510741 - with alternating current designed by Tesla and constructed by
510742 - Westinghouse. ref OF 23 058L
510743 -
510744 - http://www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdan/tesla/niagara.htm
510746 - ..
510747 - 1907 financial panic the Westinghouse Co. was caught in a
510748 - takeover bid from financier J.P. Morgan. Westinghouse's
510749 - company was financially weakened, and he had to rescind on the
510750 - royalty contract he had signed with Tesla. ref OF 14 554I
510752 - ..
510753 - Tesla gave up large royalties on patents for AC power system to
510754 - help Westinghouse withstand financial crisis, and did this to
510755 - also reward Westinghouse faith in Telsa. ref OF 20 0Q5W
510757 - ..
510758 - Westinghouse was forced to merge and consolidate his holdings
510759 - in about 1891, and at that time bankers made a demand that to
510760 - fund consolidation, they required cancellation of the
510761 - Westinghouse obligation to pay Tesla the fees on his patents.
510762 - ref OF 32 05XI Westinghouse objected, but eventually asked
510763 - Tesla to give up his rightes, ref OF 33 1K6O, and Tesla agreed.
510764 - ref OF 33 01FS
510765 -
510766 -
510767 -
510768 -
510769 -
5108 -
SUBJECTS
Edison Disliked Arrogant Inventor Self-promoter Self-agrandizer Fail
Arrogant SDS Unique Design KM Com Metrics Not Needed to Solve Meanin
Electrical Utilities Industry Adopted AC Edison Lost Business By Sel
Edison Self-educated Little Formal Education Disliked Arrogant Inven
6306 -
630701 - ..
630702 - Collaboration Difficult Edison Overbearing Personality Boss
630703 - Edison Little Formal Education Self-taught Reading Experience
630704 -
630705 - Edison evidently was self-taught through reading and experience, he
630706 - had no professional education, and did even not attend high school,
630707 - but is credited for a strong sense of self-improvement...
630708 -
630709 - http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bledisonbiography.htm
630711 - ..
630712 - Working with Edison was more challenging than the inventions Edison
630713 - pursued.
630715 - ..
630716 - A lot of good people refused to stick with Edison because of
630717 - eccentricities, domineering personality, long hours, little pay,
630718 - failure to attribute others for contributing, insisting on taking all
630719 - credit, self-promoting seeking public attention, praise, etc.
630721 - ..
630722 - Nikola Tesla is the obvious example, per above. ref SDS 0 W19K
630724 - ..
630725 - He was cited in a recent poll as America's greatest inventor,
630726 - indicating few have melded all of the qualities that garnered
630727 - notoriety and applause, at this remove.
630729 - ..
630730 - Light bulb powered with electricity was first demonstrated at
630731 - Edison's laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ in December 1879...
630732 -
630733 - http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bledisonbiography.htm
630735 - ..
630736 - Ironically, Edison died broke by investing all of his money and
630737 - efforts on inventions to improve and apply Portland Cement in a new a
630738 - business. ref OF 51 M55O
630740 - ..
630741 - The progress of civilization for the culture of construction at that
630742 - time did not initially embrace Edison's inventions, despite enormous
630743 - talent for salesmanship and promotion, noted by Gary, per above.
630744 - ref SDS 0 IR7X Like SDS, reported on 041118, ref SDS 68 KU85, until
630745 - engineers began writing requirements into project specifications,
630746 - there were no "requirements" for Portland Cement; yet, today Portland
630747 - Cement is a pervasive building material required on virtually every
630748 - construction project. Sounds like the story of aviation initially
630749 - resisted, but eventually becoming a dominate industry because people
630750 - persisted in pursuing the merits of good ideas, reported on 040813.
630751 - ref SDS 62 IU6U
630753 - ..
630754 - An interesting and poinent history of Edison's work in Portlant Cement
630755 - was published in 1929....
630756 -
630757 - http://www.jhalpin.com/metuchen/tae/ehlai21.htm
630758 -
630759 - ...shortly before his death in 1931.
630761 - ..
630762 - Gary continues...
630763 -
630764 - 5. = Bricklin
630766 - ..
630767 - 6. Another possibility is Dan Bricklin, the developer o Visicalc,
630768 - PageGarden, and Trellix.
630769 -
630770 - http://www.bricklin.com/visicalc.htm
630772 - ..
630773 - 7. Dan grew tired of managing the business end and sold most of
630774 - his products to (I think) Symantec.
630776 - ..
630777 - 8. Trellix was a later development and had a degree of comercial
630778 - success.
630780 - ..
630781 - 9. = Kahn
630783 - ..
630784 - 10. Philippe Kahn not only founded Borland and made it a
630785 - commercial success, he wrote most of the original software.
630787 - ..
630788 - 11. I will grant that it isn't easy for a developer to push his
630789 - invention, but it has been done. In those cases where the
630790 - developers were successful in business, they either learned to
630791 - persuade, or attracted to them people who could.
630793 - ..
630794 - 12. It might be argued that this is not true of disruptive
630795 - technologies, and we could buy in to Buckminster Fuller's 50
630796 - years to introduce a disruptive technology, except that those
630797 - time frames have clearly been dramatically shortened.
630799 - ..
630800 - Disruptive technologies reviewed on 990527 require patience,
630801 - persistence and innovation to help people overcome ignorance, fear,
630802 - and denial by discovering that unfamiliar ideas and methods that
630803 - initially seem "crummy," are actually more productive, faster and
630804 - easier. ref SDS 17 KS4O Andy Grove makes the same point based on
630805 - developing technology at Intel, reviewed on 980307. ref SDS 16 1660
630806 -
630807 -
630808 -
6309 -
SUBJECTS
Education Enables Transformation to Culture of Knowledge Sales Gary
Marketing Different Skills Personality from Engineering Don't Feel C
SDS Aids Collaboration Teaches Com Metrics to Work Intelligently
Writing Skill Inventor Learn Improve Communication Convince Customer
Not Enough Time for 8 Steps Using SDS to Work Intelligently Because
Innovator's Dilemma Marketing Disruptive Technlogy Different Strateg
Learn SDS for Com Metrics Enables Good Management at Boeing by Posti
Promote Advertise Transformation 3-layer Architecture SDS Learn 8 St
Weblogs Advertise Big Target Audience SDS Opportunity POIMS Spread W
Email Weblogs Letter to Gary Johnson Explain Opportunities for Adver
Internet Restore SDS Records Visibility because Experiment Boeing Fa
Article Seminar Author Speaker Requests Permission to Use SDS Record
Web Demonstrate Business Intelligence
1st Rule Sales Show Product Give People Experience Working Intellige
9716 -
971701 - ..
971702 - Innovator's Dilemma Engineers Get Mad Promoting New Ideas
971703 - Marketing Promotion Different Skills Personality from Engineering
971704 - Gary Uncomfortable Educating People to Solve 2 Worlds Problem on SDS
971705 - 2 Worlds Problem Gary Uncomfortable Educating People to Promote SDS
971706 -
971707 - Follow up ref SDS 71 WW4Y.
971709 - ..
971710 - Giving Up on Marketing Demand Grows Slowly as People Gain Experience
971711 - Waiting for Water Boil Discouraging Frustrating Slow Transformation
971712 -
971713 - Gary continues...
971714 -
971715 - 13. Regardless of the truth of the assertion about developers not
971716 - being able to promote their inventions, the reality is that if
971717 - we don't, and since there are only 2 of us, that means you too,
971718 - I would strongly suggest that you turn to some other activity
971719 - to generate income and consider SDS a passion, a gift to
971720 - mankind, or some other worthy name, because persuasion is the
971721 - only way that SDS is going to become financially viable, and if
971722 - it doesn't, neither do you, unless you either learn to sell
971723 - SDS, find someone who can (which isn't me at this point), or
971724 - make a living doing something else. ref DRT 1 W79J
971725 -
971727 - ..
971728 - Gary seems to be saying he does not want to support SDS marketing that
971729 - presents SDS through work product and foundational documents, which
971730 - now includes the ASB, except by advocating better persuasion by Rod
971731 - talking people into adopting a new way of working, using new skills
971732 - from taking a course in salesmanship, which he presented yesterday, on
971733 - 041212. ref SDS 74 JM4J
971734 -
971735 - [On 070125 Gary making progress distributing SDS work
971736 - product, and exposure to new way of working yields
971737 - interest; Gary explains SDS to people who ask. ref SDS 84
971738 - DU5K
971740 - ..
971741 - It is not clear why Gary would not want to advocate solutions to the
971742 - problem he framed on 011006. ref SDS 36 O99K On 040227 he was
971743 - adamaent about telling his boss that using SDS is important to his
971744 - work practice, ref SDS 58 RH6K, but he does not want to tell anyone
971745 - else about the solution to the problems SDS solves.
971747 - ..
971748 - He objects to putting SDS records on the Internet that demonstrate
971749 - added value, and sending emails to people with links to SDS records
971750 - that enable people to gain experience with "intelligence" support, as
971751 - presented in planning on 040927. ref SDS 65 VI8W
971753 - ..
971754 - At that time, on 041212 Gary was angry about something, possibly
971755 - breech of engineering integrity, ref SDS 74 XN4U, when asked to help
971756 - educate engineers and others, about opprtunity using SDS for
971757 - intelligence support, as set out in NWO. This seems conflicting with
971758 - (it's a dilemma) Gary getting mad on 040227 about him being denied at
971759 - his place of employment using SDS since he had discovered this support
971760 - cannot be replaced by other means. ref SDS 74 5391
971762 - ..
971763 - [On 041221 letter to Henry confirms discussions about SDS
971764 - progress and opportunity to spread the word in public forum
971765 - progress on intelligence support using SDS for integrating
971766 - personal and organizational memory. ref SDS 75 SR3Q
971768 - ..
971769 - [On 041228 Gary cites Graphing Calculator showing the
971770 - developer was successful attracting support at Apple
971771 - Computer for a product that renders equations into a
971772 - picture that aids learning mathematics. ref SDS 76 E76I
971774 - ..
971775 - Persuasion is endemic to marketing, and so, per se, begs the question
971776 - of delivering the SDS story by a credible source to customers.
971777 - Collaboration can refine presentations to increase persuasion by
971778 - applying skills for sales messages, and the power of this persuasion
971779 - is greatly leveraged when delivered by others, rather than by the
971780 - developer, reviewed on 000113, ref SDS 25 0T43, which confirms
971781 - understandings yesterday in a letter on 041212. ref SDS 74 JM4J
971783 - ..
971784 - Gary can contribute to advancing SDS by collaborating to refine the
971785 - message and spreading the word, planned on 040927. ref SDS 65 VI8W
971787 - ..
971788 - Gary began using SDS on 020924 to publish SDS records on the Internet
971789 - and citing foundational documents explaining SDS to others, reported
971790 - on 020924, ref SDS 46 0001, because these steps have generated sales
971791 - interest in SDS, shown by the list on 010907. ref SDS 35 0P8P On
971792 - 030126 we modified the agreement to permit using SDS at the company,
971793 - ref SDS 51 OA6N, for building a circle of advocates based on
971794 - experience and the foundational documents. ref SDS 51 EH5O
971796 - ..
971797 - On 041206 Gary submitted the latest version of the ASB. Review showed
971798 - several errors, or possible errors, which Gary planned to investigate
971799 - and correct. ref SDS 71 NU7N
971801 - ..
971802 - At that time several tasks were pending on developing a circle of
971803 - advocates, ref SDS 71 WW4Y, to build on success of prodigious efforts
971804 - getting the ASB published as set out in Gary's letter on 041118,
971805 - ref SDS 68 JE6H, which implented planning on the future of SDS
971806 - discussed on 040927. ref SDS 65 5G6H
971808 - ..
971809 - We need to review ideas for building on current progress.
971811 - ..
971812 - Gary's latest letters indicate engineers are not comfortable doing
971813 - marketing work that requires being persusasive, per above. ref SDS 0
971814 - IR6V Following up to educate people about requirements for good
971815 - management supported by SDS, discussed on 041118 at the Aerospace
971816 - company, ref SDS 68 KU85, is difficult for some, despite strong
971817 - feelings about wanting useful technology to succeed, shown by Gary's
971818 - letter on 041110. ref SDS 67 KN8V Yet, engineers do a lot of writing,
971819 - so how can Gary's writing skills for engineering support marketing
971820 - without trying to be persuasive?
971821 -
971822 - [On 050228 action items on 041206 still pending, ref SDS 78 LM6I,
971823 - and new tasks for peer review submitted. ref SDS 78 6M5X
971825 - ..
971826 - An example is for Gary to write an essay or white paper explaining his
971827 - experience learning and using SDS, as a guide for SDS requirements.
971829 - ..
971830 - On 021002 Gary related using Keynote to report progress learning SDS.
971831 - ref SDS 47 5Z4P On 021109 Gary reported starting to use SDS for
971832 - replacing Keynote to perform concurrent discovery with contemporaneous
971833 - capture of the record. ref SDS 49 5Z4P Some challenges learning SDS
971834 - were related to defects in code, and in SDS design, which have in some
971835 - been corrected, and so would not be faced by a new user. Other
971836 - challenges relate to SDS design for a new way of working
971837 - "intelligently" that may be essential for advancing from information
971838 - to knowledge, but conflict with the natural conservative drive to work
971839 - on familiar things in familiar ways. An example is the document
971840 - management system. Rod changed the design quite a bit and corrected a
971841 - lot of code errors in this part of SDS, so that implementation takes
971842 - much less time and fewer keystrokes to learn. However, for most
971843 - people the SDS design that requires prior identification of locaton in
971844 - Knowledge Space, as a predicate to taking action, conflicts with the
971845 - tradition and biological drive to respond immediately, and worry about
971846 - filing and organization in common storage later. This remains an
971847 - issue of habit and culture which requires training and support to
971848 - accomplish transformation. Rod's record on 921205 addresses the
971849 - challenge of changing bad habits to good practices, which prevents
971850 - most of us from ever becoming good managers. ref SDS 4 4803 Changing
971851 - the design so that good habits are faster and easier to accomplish
971852 - still, however, requires a front end learning curve, which many will
971853 - not have time nor faith to invest for retooling skills.
971855 - ..
971856 - Another challenge is the keyboard. The prospect that advancing to a
971857 - culture of knowledge is aided by erogonomics that leverage hand-eye
971858 - coordination, like playing a piano, for calling complementary commands
971859 - seems like unnecessary overkill, despite announcement by Microsoft on
971860 - 021108 that ability to execute commands efficiently is essential for
971861 - better productivity. ref SDS 48 EFBE Since all other software is
971862 - written for popular keyboards delivered with purchase of a computer,
971863 - until an ergonomic keyboard is used, people cannot assess productivity
971864 - gains. This presents a burden of faith in untried solutions, which is
971865 - emotionally overwhelming for most people, as related on 921205.
971866 - ref SDS 4 8493 Without faith to invest time and money no experience
971867 - occurs that builds faith in ergonomics using complementary commands.
971868 - Without the power of complementary commands for capturing a greater
971869 - share of daily working information, working intelligently takes too
971870 - much time, which causes many to fall away from good management,
971871 - because most of the rewards are deferred beyone the horizon of time
971872 - when people lose faith, reviewed on 021109. ref SDS 49 9Y7O
971874 - ..
971875 - Gary's report on 040227 shows how complementing existing tools and
971876 - methods with SDS support for intelligence increases productivity.
971877 - ref SDS 58 RH77
971879 - ..
971880 - It would worthwhile for a professional engineer to explain progress on
971881 - transformation from popular information technology listed in Gary's
971882 - letter on 030407, ref SDS 52 234G, to using SDS for a new way of
971883 - working. Gary could explain transformation requires steady exposure
971884 - to opportunities, and support for using a new way of working,
971885 - illustrated by...
971886 -
971887 - 1. Root cause analysis cited in
971888 - Gary's letter.................... 040915, ref SDS 64 Z47N
971890 - ..
971891 - 2. Technical documents cited by
971892 - Gary............................. 040709, ref SDS 60 O47O
971894 - ..
971895 - 3. Organizational memory cannot
971896 - be created with other tools
971897 - and hiring more people, cited
971898 - by Gary.......................... 040227, ref SDS 58 RH6K
971900 - ..
971901 - 4. SDS saves time and money by
971902 - making good management fast
971903 - easy, cited by Wayne
971904 - Wetzel........................... 010725, ref SDS 34 CR3J
971906 - ..
971907 - 5. SDS makes daily work history
971908 - powerful intelligence asset
971909 - for organizational memory
971910 - without writing everything
971911 - down cited by
971912 - Bill DeHart...................... 001129, ref SDS 31 6M4J
971914 - ..
971915 - 6. SDS saves time and money at
971916 - the rate of 10:1 by enabling
971917 - people to work intelligently,
971918 - reported by USACE................ 971008, ref SDS 14 5775
971920 - ..
971921 - 7. Project management cited by
971922 - Bob Johnston..................... 970107, ref SDS 12 4953
971924 - ..
971925 - 8. Contract management cited by
971926 - Tom Keesling..................... 961101, ref SDS 11 8888
971928 - ..
971929 - 9. Proactive management prevents
971930 - small inconsequential problems
971931 - from exploding into major
971932 - crisis, cited by Morris
971933 - Jones............................ 921127, ref SDS 3 0674
971935 - ..
971936 - 10. Command and control improved
971937 - by SDS managing critical
971938 - details cited by Clyde
971939 - Earnest.......................... 890324, ref SDS 1 8R97
971940 -
971942 - ..
971943 - This need not be a marketing nor persuasive document, but simply a
971944 - report on discovering SDS scope and utility compared to the
971945 - traditional ways people work using IT, illustrated by.....
971946 -
971947 - 1. Pat Lincoln's letter............. 020729, ref SDS 43 4K6G
971948 - 2. Wayne Wetzel's letter............ 010725, ref SDS 34 WJ7L
971949 - 3. USACE report..................... 970418, ref SDS 13 3368
971950 -
971951 -
971952 -
971953 -
971954 -
971955 -
971956 -
971957 -
9720 -