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S U M M A R Y


DIARY: September 25, 1995 07:26 AM Monday; Rod Welch

Reviewed paper on AI explaining human reasoning and creativity.

1...Summary/Objective
2...Humans Use Experience for Patterns of Sequence to Manage Complexity
....Jumbo Applies Alphabet Technology, Emulates Human Brain
.......Intelligence comes out of interactions of many thousands of
....Numbo clarifies relations between perception and cognition
3...Context Critical to Meaning Developed under Connectionist Theory
4...High Level Perception, Representation and Analogy to Grow Meaning
5...Copycat Technology Falls Short of Daily Utility
6...Human Brain Relies on Experience
7...Creativity Takes Fresh Look at Settled Methods, e.g., Alphabet


..............
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CONTACTS 

SUBJECTS
Computer Aided Management
Brain Memory Learning
Complex Communication Span of Attention, Mistakes, Needs SDS
Complexity Requires Integrate Objectives, History, Resources, Need SD
Poetry, Balance, Synthesize, Integrate
Pattern Recognition Intelligence Analysis
Fluid Concepts, Creative Analogies, Hofstadter
Reasoning, Numbers, Paradigms
Organization of Information
Alphabet Most Powerful Technology, Improved by SDS
Brain Memory Learning
Conntected Text = Context, Meaning, Understanding Intelligence
Connections Cause Effect, Meaning
Creativity aided by Understanding Pattern Recognition Technology

2716 -
2716 -    ..
2717 - Summary/Objective
2718 -
271801 - Follow up ref SDS 2 0000, ref SDS 9 0000.
271802 -
271803 - Hofstadter's book presents more work on connectionist theory, and
271804 - seems to spend a good deal of time on the alphabet, which supports the
271805 - focus of SDS and Com Metrics for lifting the capacity to think,
271806 - remember and communcate.  The explanation of creativity is helpful.
271807 - ref SDS 0 1683
271808 -
271809 -     [On 000112 sent letter asking about comparable or supportive work
271810 -     in cognitive science. ref SDS 17 3478]
271812 -      ..
271813 -     [On 000113 Doug too busy to discuss solutions. ref SDS 18 3432
271815 -      ..
271816 -     [000329 Doug hosting symposium at Stanford on computers taking
271817 -     over the planet. ref SDS 20 4851
271818 -
271820 -  ..
2719 -
2720 -
2721 - Progress
272201 -  ..
272202 - Humans Use Experience for Patterns of Sequence to Manage Complexity
272203 -
272204 - Reviewed analysis or summary of a book...
272205 -
272206 -
272207 -               Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies
272208 -
272209 -
272210 - ...by Douglas Hofstadter and the Fluid Analogies Research Group at
272211 - Indiani University, ref OF 6 0001, published by (Basic Books) Harper
272212 - Collins 1995. ref OF 6 4620
272213 - ..
272214 - Hofstadter presents findings from a computer project...
272215 -
272216 -
272217 -                 To Seek Whence Cometh a Sequence
272218 -
272219 -
272220 - ...that explores strategies used by human cognition to manage
272221 - complexity through common pattern organizing methods. ref OF 6 4071
272222 - This work reflects the importance of tracking sequence as a critical
272223 - aspect of human reasoning, also called chronology which implies cause
272224 - and effect.  It is another way to explaining the importance of
272225 - integrating time and information proposed in POIMS and supported by
272226 - the SDS program.  Campbell's work reviewed on 900303 explained the
272227 - human brain as thinking through experience. ref SDS 1 3002  On 900319
272228 - another paper on human reasoning made a similar point. ref SDS 2 1323
272229 -
272230 -     [On 991014 executives have difficulty managing complexity that
272231 -     compounds faster than people recognize. ref SDS 14 5600]
272233 -  ..
272234 - Humans seem to scan information quickly for clues that suggest common
272235 - patterns and then try to organize everything to fit.  Large numbers
272236 - are ignored because they require too much computational effort.  Small
272237 - numbers are ignored because there are too many known facts.
272238 - ref OF 6 1107  This reflects the human brains limited ability to
272239 - calculate, but strength to apply vast amounts of experience all at
272240 - once, again cited by Campbell, reviewed on 900303. ref SDS 1 3016
272242 -  ..
272243 - Human minds are...
272244 -
272245 -                   number savvy, ref OF 6 5313
272246 -
272247 -                   Pattern sensitive, ref OF 6 1178
272248 -
272250 -  ..
272251 - Poetry that evolved to help pre-literate people remember is a form of
272252 - number savvy and pattern recognition that uses rythm and sound.
272254 -  ..
272255 - Organizing complexity is a process of building larger blocks of
272256 - meanings as "analogies" and testing them as templates to explain
272257 - additional information. ref OF 6 1548
272259 -  ..
272260 - Generalization is explained. ref OF 6 2100
272261 -
272262 - ..
272263 - Several computer projects are explained...
272264 -
272265 -    Jumbo Applies Alphabet Technology, Emulates Human Brain
272266 -
272267 -       Jumbo came out of the idea of anagrams and word jumbles. Its
272268 -       goal is to demonstrate the equavalence of cognition with deep
272269 -       perception -- perception that involves highly abstract and
272270 -       nonverbalizable categorization. ref OF 6 5520
272272 -        ..
272273 -       Letters first spark (check for compatability) then flash (if
272274 -       they are compatable) then bond (if their compatability is
272275 -       strong).  Letters can be seen as atoms and clusters like ck or
272276 -       th as small molecules. As in molecules, this is a flexible
272277 -       multilevel structure held together by bonds of many different
272278 -       strengths, with natural breaking poings on weak bonds.
272279 -       ref OF 6 7592
272281 -        ..
272282 -       Jumbo reflects probabilistic functioning of human brain.
272283 -       ref OF 6 3744
272284 -
272285 -          On 930112 history of alphabet technology was reviewed.
272286 -          ref SDS 3 3443  On 940609 alphabet technology developed in
272287 -          relation to reliance on pictures and conversation.
272288 -          ref SDS 6 8854
272290 -           ..
272291 -          This supports POIMS goal to enhance alphabet technology as
272292 -          the strongest knowledge creative engine of civilization.
272293 -          ref OF 1 1299
272295 -           ..
272296 -          [On 960321 Landauer's paper on LSA explains mathamatical
272297 -          model for using the alphabet to grow knowlege based on large
272298 -          bodies of text. ref SDS 10 5873]
272300 -           ..
272301 -          [On 991010 Gutenberg cited for contributing the most to
272302 -          advance civilization over the past 1000 years, indicating
272303 -          alphabet technology is critical to human productivity.
272304 -          ref SDS 13 2548]
272306 -           ..
272307 -          [On 991108 history of alphabet shows it solved problem of
272308 -          memory and improves quality of communication by enabling
272309 -          "analysis." ref SDS 15 0300]
272311 -           ..
272312 -          [On 991209 review of Plato's Phaedrus shows alphabet was
272313 -          recognized early as powerful technology. ref SDS 16 0783]
272314 -
272316 -        ..
272317 -       Intelligence comes out of interactions of many thousands of
272318 -       parallel processes that take place within milliseconds and are
272319 -       inaccessible to introspection. ref OF 6 2173
272320 -
272321 -       Jumbo technology accomplishes human cognition by combining small
272322 -       meanings (i.e., in this case letters) into larger meanings,
272323 -       ref OF 6 2440  This emulates how the mind employs alphabet
272324 -       technology.
272325 -
272326 -          This supports in some degree the explanation in POIMS.
272327 -          ref OF 1 0561 and ref OF 1 6011
272329 -           ..
272330 -          Lack of availability for introspection, is the source of
272331 -          error in human thinking, which writing helps by providing a
272332 -          window on the minds thinking. ref OF 1 3742
272333 -
272335 -     ..
272336 -    Numbo clarifies relations between perception and cognition
272337 -
272338 -       This is representative of a large class of problems where there
272339 -       is well defined goal, various operations and standard search
272340 -       techniques for the problem space; construction of larger units
272341 -       from smaller, with creation and destruction of temporary
272342 -       structures at various levels; rearrangement and dismantling of
272343 -       these structures; interaction of a priori knowledge, familiar
272344 -       concepts, and salient features of the input. ref OF 6 4736
272346 -        ..
272347 -       When humans solve Numble problems, top down and bottom up
272348 -       strategies are intertwined. ref OF 6 1240
272349 -
272351 -  ..
272352 - Context Critical to Meaning Developed under Connectionist Theory
272353 - High Level Perception, Representation and Analogy to Grow Meaning
272354 -
272355 - The author notes perception is influenced by...
272356 -
272357 -          belief
272358 -          goals
272359 -          context
272361 -  ..
272362 - The formation of appropriate representations lies at the heart of
272363 - human high level cognitive abilities -- the task of understanding how
272364 - to draw meaning out of the world. ref OF 6 4480
272365 -
272366 -     On 900319 human reasoning cannot be emulated by computer because
272367 -     human needs cannot be programmed into a computer. ref SDS 2 1102
272369 -  ..
272370 - Writing is a flexible process of creating alternate representations
272371 - of "context."
272372 -
272373 -     [On 960321 meaning and context are central questions of cognitive
272374 -     science. ref SDS 10 2882 and ref SDS 10 5588]
272375 -
272376 -     [On 960518 vectors build meaning from context. ref SDS 11 3374]
272378 -      ..
272379 -     [On 980307 Andy Grove, CEO of Intel, takes copious notes to avoid
272380 -     ambiguity of mental maps. ref SDS 12 3668]
272381 - ..
272382 - Author cites steps toward representational flexibility have been
272383 - taken with sophisticated connectionist models with highly context
272384 - dependent representations. Each representation is a vector in
272385 - multidimensional space whose position can adjust flexibly to changes
272386 - in environmental stimuli. ref OF 6 0059
272388 -  ..
272389 - This seems to reflect Campbell's explanation of connectionist methods
272390 - in cognitive science, reviewed on 900303. ref SDS 1 6006
272391 -
272392 -     [On 960321 Landauer's LSA model uses vector representation to
272393 -     accomplish human learning. ref SDS 10 0796
272395 -  ..
272396 - Analogies
272398 -  ..
272399 - Human cognition filters and organizes information to provide a unique
272400 - representation for a given context
272402 -  ..
272403 - Mapping compares components of different context and assigns degrees
272404 - of correspondences. ref OF 6 4187
272406 -  ..
272407 - Long and short term memory are discussed, ref OF 6 4756, which seems
272408 - to reflect POMIS explanation of conscious and subconscious memory.
272409 - ref OF 1 3385
272411 -  ..
272412 - Conceptual slippage seems to relate to paradigms or rules, ref OF 6
272413 - 3400, and may relate to the notion of "meaning drift" explained in the
272414 - NWO paper. ref OF 2 9449
272415 -
272417 -  ..
272418 - Copycat Technology Falls Short of Daily Utility
272419 - Human Brain Relies on Experience
272420 - Creativity Takes Fresh Look at Settled Methods, e.g., Alphabet
272421 -
272422 - The ability to reperceive - to take a fresh look at a situation
272423 - thought to be understood already is at the crux of creativity.
272424 - ref OF 6 0692
272425 -
272426 - On 931130 Drucker urges continual investing to discover innovations
272427 - that lift productivity. ref SDS 4 1504
272429 -  ..
272430 - Communication Metrics seems to fit this model because it uses SDS
272431 - based on POIMS technology that applies the alphabet for a deeper
272432 - process of "intelligence" that extends prior use for analysis.  On
272433 - 941130 Drucker explains critical role of analysis, ref SDS 5 7911,
272434 - (supported by prior work on 900319 explaining "reasoning," ref SDS 2
272435 - 1323), which is part of intelligence, as explained in POIMS.
272436 - ref OF 1 0561
272437 -
272438 -     [On 991108 alphabet technology reported as having been thought to
272439 -     be "completely" understood as of 700 BC; 300 years later in 400 BC
272440 -     further application was developed for analysis. ref SDS 15 0844]
272442 -      ..
272443 -     [On 000112 contacted Hofstadter for peer review of POIMS idea to
272444 -     enhance alphabet for "intelligence." ref SDS 17 3478]
272446 -      ..
272447 -     [On 000125 Lateral Thinking supports creativity. ref SDS 19 4622]
272449 -  ..
272450 - Copycat is a program to apply explanations of cognitive behavior by
272451 - discovering analogies as a statistical consequence of myriad small
272452 - computational actions. ref OF 6 5412
272453 -
272454 -     [On 960321 Landauer's LSA model sounds similar. ref SDS 10 0796]
272456 -  ..
272457 - Copycat has too little awareness of the processes it is carrying out
272458 - and the ideas it is working on. It may end up looping around and
272459 - around to hit the same impasse that a human will learn quickly to
272460 - avoid. It should be more self aware. ref OF 6 2862
272462 -  ..
272463 - Future improvements are planned. ref OF 6 3721
272465 -  ..
272466 - Human brains possess concepts, allowing complex representational
272467 - structures to be built that automatically come with associated links
272468 - to prior experiences. Brains can self monitor, allowing a complex
272469 - internal self model to arise, giving the system enormous self control
272470 - and open endedness. Self monitoring helps the system to avoid falling
272471 - into mindless ruts. ref OF 6 4620
272472 -
272473 -     The interesting question is the amount of native or original
272474 -     concepts that then permit the construction of higher order
272475 -     concepts based on experience.  Things like up, down, full, empty
272476 -     and sequence may be all the initial machinery needed to construct
272477 -     a lot of other useful stuff.
272478 -
272479 -
272480 -
272481 -
272482 -
272483 -
272484 -
272485 -
2725 -